Specific Process Knowledge/Lithography/Aligners/MAvsMLA: Difference between revisions
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'''Feedback to this page''': '''[mailto:labadviser@nanolab.dtu.dk?Subject=Feed%20back%20from%20page%20http://labadviser.nanolab.dtu.dk/index.php?title=Specific_Process_Knowledge/Lithography/Aligners/MAvsMLA click here]''' | '''Feedback to this page''': '''[mailto:labadviser@nanolab.dtu.dk?Subject=Feed%20back%20from%20page%20http://labadviser.nanolab.dtu.dk/index.php?title=Specific_Process_Knowledge/Lithography/Aligners/MAvsMLA click here]''' | ||
[[Category: Equipment|Lithography exposure]] | [[Category:Equipment|Lithography exposure]] | ||
[[Category: Lithography|Exposure]] | [[Category:Lithography|Exposure]] | ||
__TOC__ | __TOC__ | ||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
=Mask Aligner vs Maskless Aligner= | =Mask Aligner vs Maskless Aligner= | ||
Slides presented at NNUM in Uppsala 2026: [[ | Slides presented at NNUM in Uppsala 2026: [[Media:MA6 vs MLA 2026 v09.pdf|'''MA6 vs MLA 2026_v09''']] | ||
Mask design used in the investigation: [[ | Mask design used in the investigation: [[Media:LithoTestAlign 2025 v10.gds|LithoTestAlign_2025_v10.gds]] | ||
=Additional data= | =Additional data= | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
==AZ 5214E== | ==AZ 5214E== | ||
===Resolution and | ===Resolution=== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
!Exposure equipment | |||
!Dose | |||
!Contact/Defoc | |||
!Resolution | |||
!Comment | |||
|- | |||
|Aligner: MA6-2 | |||
|100 | |||
|Vacuum | |||
|1µm | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|Aligner: MA6-1 | |||
|100 | |||
|Vacuum | |||
|1.25µm | |||
|Probably over-exposed | |||
|- | |||
|Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) | |||
|90 | |||
|2 | |||
|1.25µm | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
<br clear="all" /> | |||
'''SEM images from different exposure equipment:''' | |||
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align:left;" | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:silver; color:black" | |||
! | |||
!2µm triplets | |||
!Lines | |||
!Trenches | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black" | |||
|Aligner: MA6-2 | |||
100mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>, vacuum contact | |||
|[[Image:W14 MA62 5214E vac D100_B4T_01.jpg|400px]] | |||
|[[Image:W14 MA62 5214E vac D100_B4T_02.jpg|400px]] | |||
|[[Image:W14 MA62 5214E vac D100_B4T_03.jpg|400px]] | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black" | |||
|Aligner: MA6-1 | |||
100mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>, vacuum contact <br>(probably over-exposed) | |||
|[[Image:W32 PFL 5214 D100 vac C6B_01.jpg|400px]] | |||
|[[Image:W32 PFL 5214 D100 vac C6B_04.jpg|400px]] | |||
|[[Image:W32 PFL 5214 D100 vac C6B_05.jpg|400px]] | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black" | |||
|Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) | |||
90mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>, defoc 2 | |||
|[[Image:W13 mla2 5214E D90 F2_05.jpg|400px]] | |||
|[[Image:W13 mla2 5214E D90 F2_01.jpg|400px]] | |||
|[[Image:W13 mla2 5214E D90 F2_02.jpg|400px]] | |||
|} | |||
'''SEM images of different size structures:''' | |||
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align:left;" | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:silver; color:black" | |||
! | |||
!1µm triplets | |||
!2µm triplets | |||
!4µm triplets | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black" | |||
|Aligner: MA6-1 | |||
100mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>, vacuum contact <br>(probably over-exposed) | |||
|[[Image:W32 PFL 5214 D100 vac C6B_02.jpg|400px]] | |||
|[[Image:W32 PFL 5214 D100 vac C6B_01.jpg|400px]] | |||
|[[Image:W32 PFL 5214 D100 vac C6B_03.jpg|400px]] | |||
|} | |||
<br clear="all" /> | |||
===Yield=== | |||
The yield is measured by inspecting all 116 lithographic resolution test structures in an optical microscope and recording the smallest resolved dots and lines. | |||
<br clear="all" /> | |||
{| cellpadding="2" style="border: 2px solid darkgray;" align="center" | |||
! width="460" | | |||
! width="460" | | |||
! width="460" | | |||
|+'''Wafer maps at optimal processing conditions for different aligners''' | |||
|- border="0" align="center" | |||
|[[Image:Map_MLA2_D90_F2.jpg|450px]] | |||
|[[Image:Map_MA6-2_vacuum.jpg|450px]] | |||
|[[Image:Map_MA6-1_vacuum.jpg|450px]] | |||
|- align="center" | |||
| Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) (Dose 90mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>; defoc 2). <br/>Resolution: 1.22µm average; 0.1µm standard deviation. <br/>Yield at 1.25µm: 99% || Aligner: MA6-2 (Dose 100mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>; vacuum contact). <br/>Resolution: 1.02µm average; 0.1µm standard deviation. <br/>Yield at 1.25µm: 100% || Aligner: MA6-1 (Dose 100mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>; vacuum contact). Probably over-exposed. <br/>Resolution: 1.30µm average; 0.2µm standard deviation. <br/>Yield at 1.25µm: 59% | |||
|} | |||
<br clear="all" /> | |||
====Effect of exposure mode for mask aligner==== | |||
{| cellpadding="2" style="border: 2px solid darkgray;" align="center" | |||
! width="460" | | |||
! width="460" | | |||
! width="460" | | |||
|+'''Wafer maps at different exposure modes for Aligner: MA6-2 (Dose 100mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>)''' | |||
|- border="0" align="center" | |||
|[[Image:Map_MA6-2_hard.jpg|450px]] | |||
|[[Image:Map_MA6-2_soft_clean.jpg|450px]] | |||
|[[Image:Map_MA6-2_prox.jpg|450px]] | |||
|- align="center" | |||
| Hard contact. <br/>Resolution: 1.17µm average; 0.2µm standard deviation. <br/>Yield at 1.25µm: 89% || Soft contact. <br/>Resolution: 3.77µm average; 0.7µm standard deviation. <br/>Yield at 2.5µm: 4% || 10µm proximity. <br/>Resolution: 4.19µm average; 0.7µm standard deviation. <br/>Yield at 2.5µm: 3% | |||
|} | |||
<br clear="all" /> | |||
{| cellpadding="2" style="border: 2px solid darkgray;" align="center" | |||
! width="460" | | |||
! width="460" | | |||
! width="460" | | |||
|+'''Wafer maps at different exposure modes for Aligner: MA6-1 (Dose 100mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>, probably over-exposed)''' | |||
[[Image: | |- border="0" align="center" | ||
|[[Image:Map_MA6-1_hard.jpg|450px]] | |||
|[[Image:Map_MA6-1_soft.jpg|450px]] | |||
|[[Image:Map_MA6-1_prox.jpg|450px]] | |||
|- align="center" | |||
| Hard contact. <br/>Resolution: 1.58µm average; 0.5µm standard deviation. <br/>Yield at 1.25µm: 48% || Soft contact. <br/>Resolution: 2.36µm average; 0.4µm standard deviation. <br/>Yield at 2.5µm: 80% <br/>At dose 92mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>, the average resolution decreases to 1.91µm and the yield at 2.5µm increases to 100% || 10µm proximity. <br/>Resolution: 2.73µm average; 0.6µm standard deviation. <br/>Yield at 2.5µm: 53% | |||
|} | |||
<br clear="all" /> | |||
====Effect of WEC pressure for mask aligner (after WEC head service)==== | |||
{| cellpadding="2" style="border: 2px solid darkgray;" align="center" | {| cellpadding="2" style="border: 2px solid darkgray;" align="center" | ||
! width=" | ! width="460" | | ||
! width=" | ! width="460" | | ||
|+''' | |+'''Wafer maps at different WEC pressure for Aligner: MA6-2 (Dose 100mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>)''' | ||
|- border="0" align="center" | |- border="0" align="center" | ||
|[[Image: | |[[Image:Map_MA6-2_soft_WEC015.jpg|450px]] | ||
|[[Image: | |[[Image:Map_MA6-2_soft_WEC040.jpg|450px]] | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
| | | Soft contact, 0.15bar WEC pressure. <br/>Resolution: 3.92µm average; 0.9µm standard deviation. <br/>Yield at 2.5µm: 8% || Soft contact, 0.40bar WEC pressure. <br/>Resolution: 2.19µm average; 0.5µm standard deviation. <br/>Yield at 2.5µm: 86% | ||
|- border="0" align="center" | |||
|[[Image:Map_MA6-2_prox_WEC015.jpg|450px]] | |||
|[[Image:Map_MA6-2_prox_WEC040.jpg|450px]] | |||
|- align="center" | |||
| 10µm proximity, 0.15bar WEC pressure. <br/>Resolution: 3.22µm average; 0.8µm standard deviation. <br/>Yield at 2.5µm: 34% || 10µm proximity, 0.40bar WEC pressure. <br/>Resolution: 2.83µm average; 0.6µm standard deviation. <br/>Yield at 2.5µm: 66% | |||
|} | |||
<br clear="all" /> | |||
===Resist profile=== | |||
====Linewidth and sidewall angle vs exposure dose==== | |||
'''SEM images of 2µm triplets as a function of exposure dose:''' | |||
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align:left;" | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:silver; color:black" | |||
! | |||
!85mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> | |||
!90mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> | |||
!95mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> | |||
!100mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> | |||
!105mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black" | |||
|Aligner: MA6-2 | |||
Vacuum contact | |||
|[[Image:W14 MA62 5214E vac D85_H6B_01.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W14 MA62 5214E vac D90_H4B_01.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W14 MA62 5214E vac D95_F3B_01.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W14 MA62 5214E vac D100_B4T_01.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W14 MA62 5214E vac D105_C6T_01.jpg|280px]] | |||
|} | |||
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align:left;" | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:silver; color:black" | |||
! | |||
!80mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> | |||
!90mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> | |||
!100mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> | |||
!110mJ/cm<sup>2</sup> | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black" | |||
|Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) | |||
Defoc 2 | |||
|[[Image:W13 mla2 5214E D80 F2_02.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W13 mla2 5214E D90 F2_05.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W13 mla2 5214E D100 F2_01.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W13 mla2 5214E D110 F2_01.jpg|280px]] | |||
|} | |||
'''Result of image analysis of SEM images of 2µm triplets:''' | |||
{| cellpadding="2" style="border: 2px solid darkgray;" align="left" | |||
! width="510" | | |||
|+'''Width of 2µm line and sidewall angle vs. exposure dose for 1.5µm AZ 5214E.''' | |||
|- border="0" align="center" | |||
|[[Image:5214E_Linewidth vs dose.jpg|500px]] | |||
|[[Image:5214E_Sidewall vs dose.jpg|500px]] | |||
|- align="center" | |||
| colspan="2" | Blue circles: Exposed on Aligner: MA6-2 in vacuum contact. <br>Orange Squares: Exposed on Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) using defoc 2 (QC defoc=2). | |||
|} | |||
<br clear="all" /> | |||
====Linewidth and sidewall angle vs defocus parameter==== | |||
'''SEM images as a function of defocus parameter for Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) using dose 95mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>:''' | |||
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="text-align:left;" | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:silver; color:black" | |||
! | |||
!Defoc -8 | |||
!Defoc -1 | |||
!Defoc 2 | |||
!Defoc 5 | |||
!Defoc 12 | |||
|- | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black" | |||
|2µm triplets | |||
|[[Image:W33 MLA2 5214 F-8 D95_101.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W33 MLA2 5214 F-1 D95_01.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W33 MLA2 5214 F2 D95_01.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W33 MLA2 5214 F5 D95_01.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W33 MLA2 5214 F12 D95_101.jpg|280px]] | |||
|- | |||
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black" | |||
|Lines | |||
|[[Image:W33 MLA2 5214 F-8 D95_102.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W33 MLA2 5214 F-1 D95_02.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W33 MLA2 5214 F2 D95_1_02.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W33 MLA2 5214 F5 D95_02.jpg|280px]] | |||
|[[Image:W33 MLA2 5214 F12 D95_102.jpg|280px]] | |||
|} | |||
'''Result of image analysis of SEM images of 2µm triplets:''' | |||
{| cellpadding="2" style="border: 2px solid darkgray;" align="left" | |||
! width="510" | | |||
|+'''Linewidth and sidewall angle vs. defocus value for 1.5µm AZ 5214E exposed in Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) using dose 95mJ/cm<sup>2</sup>.''' | |||
|- border="0" align="center" | |||
|[[Image:5214E_Profile vs defoc.jpg|500px]] | |||
|- align="center" | |||
| Blue circles: Width of 2µm line. <br>Orange Squares: Sidewall angle. | |||
|} | |} | ||
<br clear="all" /> | <br clear="all" /> | ||
==AZ MiR 701== | ==AZ MiR 701== | ||
===Resolution=== | ===Resolution=== | ||
* Table with optimal parameters and resolution for different aligners | |||
* SEM pictures | |||
===Resist profile (sidewall angle and linewidth)=== | ===Resist profile (sidewall angle and linewidth)=== | ||
*SEM pictures to support graphs? | |||
[[Image:MiR_Linewidth vs dose.jpg|left|500px|thumb|Width of 2µm line vs. exposure dose for 1.5µm AZ MiR 701. <br>Blue circles: Exposed on Aligner: MA6-2 in vacuum contact. <br>Orange Squares: Exposed on Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) using defoc 2 (QC defoc=2).]] | [[Image:MiR_Linewidth vs dose.jpg|left|500px|thumb|Width of 2µm line vs. exposure dose for 1.5µm AZ MiR 701. <br>Blue circles: Exposed on Aligner: MA6-2 in vacuum contact. <br>Orange Squares: Exposed on Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) using defoc 2 (QC defoc=2).]] | ||
| Line 62: | Line 323: | ||
==AZ nLOF 2020== | ==AZ nLOF 2020== | ||
===Resolution=== | ===Resolution=== | ||
* Table with optimal parameters and resolution for different aligners | |||
* SEM pictures | |||
===Resist profile (sidewall angle and linewidth)=== | ===Resist profile (sidewall angle and linewidth)=== | ||
*SEM pictures to support graphs? | |||
[[Image:nLOF_Linewidth vs dose.jpg|left|500px|thumb|Width of 2µm line vs. exposure dose for 2µm AZ nLOF 2020. <br>Blue circles: Exposed on Aligner: MA6-2 in vacuum contact. <br>Orange Squares: Exposed on Aligner: Maskless 01 (MLA1) using defoc -4 (QC defoc=-2). <br>Grey triangles: Exposed on Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) using defoc 0 (QC defoc=2).]] | [[Image:nLOF_Linewidth vs dose.jpg|left|500px|thumb|Width of 2µm line vs. exposure dose for 2µm AZ nLOF 2020. <br>Blue circles: Exposed on Aligner: MA6-2 in vacuum contact. <br>Orange Squares: Exposed on Aligner: Maskless 01 (MLA1) using defoc -4 (QC defoc=-2). <br>Grey triangles: Exposed on Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) using defoc 0 (QC defoc=2).]] | ||
Revision as of 15:14, 15 June 2026
The content on this page, including all images and pictures, was created by DTU Nanolab staff, unless otherwise stated.
Feedback to this page: click here
Mask Aligner vs Maskless Aligner
Slides presented at NNUM in Uppsala 2026: MA6 vs MLA 2026_v09
Mask design used in the investigation: LithoTestAlign_2025_v10.gds
Additional data
THIS PAGE IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
AZ 5214E
Resolution
| Exposure equipment | Dose | Contact/Defoc | Resolution | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aligner: MA6-2 | 100 | Vacuum | 1µm | |
| Aligner: MA6-1 | 100 | Vacuum | 1.25µm | Probably over-exposed |
| Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) | 90 | 2 | 1.25µm |
SEM images from different exposure equipment:
| 2µm triplets | Lines | Trenches | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aligner: MA6-2
100mJ/cm2, vacuum contact |
|||
| Aligner: MA6-1
100mJ/cm2, vacuum contact |
|||
| Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2)
90mJ/cm2, defoc 2 |
SEM images of different size structures:
| 1µm triplets | 2µm triplets | 4µm triplets | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aligner: MA6-1
100mJ/cm2, vacuum contact |
Yield
The yield is measured by inspecting all 116 lithographic resolution test structures in an optical microscope and recording the smallest resolved dots and lines.
Effect of exposure mode for mask aligner
Effect of WEC pressure for mask aligner (after WEC head service)
Resist profile
Linewidth and sidewall angle vs exposure dose
SEM images of 2µm triplets as a function of exposure dose:
| 85mJ/cm2 | 90mJ/cm2 | 95mJ/cm2 | 100mJ/cm2 | 105mJ/cm2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aligner: MA6-2
Vacuum contact |
| 80mJ/cm2 | 90mJ/cm2 | 100mJ/cm2 | 110mJ/cm2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2)
Defoc 2 |
Result of image analysis of SEM images of 2µm triplets:
Linewidth and sidewall angle vs defocus parameter
SEM images as a function of defocus parameter for Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) using dose 95mJ/cm2:
| Defoc -8 | Defoc -1 | Defoc 2 | Defoc 5 | Defoc 12 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2µm triplets | |||||
| Lines |
Result of image analysis of SEM images of 2µm triplets:
| Blue circles: Width of 2µm line. Orange Squares: Sidewall angle. |
AZ MiR 701
Resolution
- Table with optimal parameters and resolution for different aligners
- SEM pictures
Resist profile (sidewall angle and linewidth)
- SEM pictures to support graphs?

Blue circles: Exposed on Aligner: MA6-2 in vacuum contact.
Orange Squares: Exposed on Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) using defoc 2 (QC defoc=2).

Blue circles: Exposed on Aligner: MA6-2 in vacuum contact.
Orange Squares: Exposed on Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) using defoc 2 (QC defoc=2).

Blue circles: Width of 2µm line. Orange Squares: Sidewall angle.
AZ nLOF 2020
Resolution
- Table with optimal parameters and resolution for different aligners
- SEM pictures
Resist profile (sidewall angle and linewidth)
- SEM pictures to support graphs?

Blue circles: Exposed on Aligner: MA6-2 in vacuum contact.
Orange Squares: Exposed on Aligner: Maskless 01 (MLA1) using defoc -4 (QC defoc=-2).
Grey triangles: Exposed on Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) using defoc 0 (QC defoc=2).

Blue circles: Exposed on Aligner: MA6-2 in vacuum contact.
Orange Squares: Exposed on Aligner: Maskless 01 (MLA1) using defoc -4 (QC defoc=-2).
Grey triangles: Exposed on Aligner: Maskless 02 (MLA2) using defoc 0 (QC defoc=2).

Blue circles: Width of 2µm line. Orange Squares: Sidewall angle.

Blue circles: Width of 2µm line. Orange Squares: Sidewall angle.