Specific Process Knowledge/Lithography/UVExposure Dose
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Exposure dose
During exposure of the resist, the photoinitiator, or photo-active component, reacts with the exposure light, and starts the reaction that makes the resist develop in the developer. In a positive resist, it makes the resist become soluble in the developer. In a negative resist, usually assisted by thermal energy in the post-exposure bake, it makes the resist insoluble in the developer. The amount of light required to fully develop the resist in the development process, is the exposure dose. The optimal exposure dose is a function of many parameters, including the type of resist, the resist thickness, and the sensitivity of the resist.
The resist sensitivity is a measure of how efficiently it reacts to the exposure light. Spectral sensitivity is the sensitivity of the resist as a function of wavelength. It is usually given simply as the range from the wavelength below which absorption in the resist material makes lithography impractical to the wavelength at which the photoinitiator is no longer efficiently activated. The spectral sensitivity is listed in the Resist Overview. Within this range, the optical absorption is commonly used as a measure of sensitivity. A high absorption coefficient signifies a high sensitivity, as the light is absorbed by the photoinitiator. Because of spectral sensitivity, the optimal dose of a given resist type and thickness is also a function of the spectral distribution of the exposure light, i.e. the equipment used for the exposure, see table below. Made using a combination of experience, calculation, and assumption, the values given in the Relative exposure dose table may be used to estimate the dose for one equipment from the known dose on another equipment.
Due to reflection and refraction at the interface between the resist and the substrate, the optimal dose may also be a function of the type of substrate used. Unless otherwise stated, the exposure doses given here are for standard silicon wafers.
Apart from the already mentioned factors, the optimal dose also depends on the developer chemistry and the parameters used in the development process. Finally, the requirements to the lithographic process in terms of resolution, bias (line broadening), etch selectivity, side wall angle, etc. may narrow down, or widen, the process window. The exposure doses given in the sections below should be used as a starting point for individual fabrication process development.
Due to the process of bleaching, where the absorption of the resist changes during exposure, the exposure dose is unfortunately not always constant at different intensities of the exposure light. The exposure time is thus not always a linear function of the exposure intensity.
| Lamp | Installed filter | Adjusted intensity | Filter options | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KS Aligner | 350 W Hg | i-line notch filter
365nm (FWHM = 7 nm) |
8 mW/cm2 @ 365 nm (Constant Intensity) |
|
| Aligner: MA6 - 2 | 500 W Hg-Xe | i-line notch filter
365nm (FWHM = ? nm) |
The intensity is set by the user
11 mW/cm2 @ 365 nm |
|
The most powerful UV lines in the Hg spectrum are the i-, h-, and g-lines at 356 nm, 405 nm, and 435 nm wavelength, respectively. While the Hg lamp produces little or no intensity in the deep-UV (UV-C) range, the Hg-Xe lamp has increased output below 300 nm.
Calculating exposure time
The exposure dose, D [J/m2], is given by:
D = I x t ,
where I [W/m2] is the intensity of the exposure light, and t [s] is the exposure time. As the intensity is specific to the spectral sensitivity of the sensor used to measure the exposure light, and the exposure time is specific to the spectral distribution of the exposure light (cf. spectral sensitivity), this dose is specific to the combination of exposure source and optical sensor.
Given the optimum exposure dose, the exposure time is calculated as:
t = D / I .
It is important to keep in mind that this exposure time is valid only for a specific combination of exposure source and optical sensor, as well as for a specific development process.
Exposure dose when using AZ 351B developer (NaOH)
KS Aligner (351B)
The KS Aligner has an i-line notch filter installed. This results in an exposure light peak around 365 nm with a FWHM of 7 nm. Dependent on the spectral sensitivity of the resist, the optimal dose may be increased compared to broadband exposure on the Aligner-6inch. Unless otherwise stated, the exposure doses given here are for standard silicon wafers.
| Thickness | Dose | Development | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AZ 5214E | 1.5 µm | 65-75mJ/cm2 | 60 s | Positive process |
| 2.2 µm | 64-80 mJ/cm2 | 70 s | ||
| 4.2 µm | ~160 mJ/cm2 | 3 minutes | ||
| AZ 5214E | 1.5 µm | 30 mJ/cm2 | 60 s | Image reversal process.
Reversal bake: 100s at 110°C. |
| 2.2 µm | 35 mJ/cm2 | 70 s | ||
| AZ 4562 | 10 µm | ~320 mJ/cm2 | 5 minutes | Multiple exposure with 10 s pauses is recommended. |
Additional information:
AZ 5214E image reversal
- 1.5 µm resist on boron glass: around 49 mJ/cm2 (supplied March 2013 by Morten Bo Lindholm Mikkelsen, DTU Nanotech).
Exposure dose when using AZ 726 MIF developer (TMAH)
KS Aligner
The KS Aligner has an i-line notch filter installed. This results in an exposure light peak around 365 nm with a FWHM of 7 nm. Unless otherwise stated, the exposure doses given here are for standard silicon wafers.
| Thickness | Dose | Development | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AZ 5214E | 1.5 µm | 72 mJ/cm2 | Single puddle, 60 s | Positive process |
| 2.2 µm | 80 mJ/cm2 | |||
| 4.2 µm | 160 mJ/cm2 | |||
| AZ 4562 | 10 µm | 480-540 mJ/cm2 | Multiple puddle, 4 x 60 s | Multiple exposure with 10-15 s pauses is recommended. |
| AZ MiR 701 | 1 µm | ~180 mJ/cm2 | Single puddle, 60 s | PEB: 60 s at 110°C
Preliminary results |
| 2 µm | ~200 mJ/cm2 | Single puddle, 60 s | ||
| 4 µm | ~400 mJ/cm2 | Single puddle, 60 s | PEB: 90 s at 110°C
Preliminary results | |
| AZ nLOF 2020 | 2 µm | 100-120 mJ/cm2 | Single puddle, 60 s | PEB: 60 s at 110°C
Side wall angle ~15°. For lover angle, develop 30 s (~5°) |
Aligner: MA6 - 2
The Aligner: MA6-2 has an i-line notch filter installed. This results in an exposure light peak around 365 nm with a FWHM of 7 nm. Unless otherwise stated, the exposure doses given here are for standard silicon wafers.
| Thickness | Dose | Development | Comments | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AZ 5214E | 1.5 µm | 72 mJ/cm2 | Single puddle, 60 s | Positive process |
| 2.2 µm | 90 mJ/cm2 | Single puddle, 60 s | ||
| AZ 5214E | 1.5 µm | 22? mJ/cm2 | Single puddle, 60 s | Image reversal process.
Reversal bake: 120s at 110°C. |
| 2.2 µm | 25 mJ/cm2 | Single puddle, 60 s | ||
| AZ 4562 | 10 µm | 520-?? mJ/cm2 | Multiple puddle, 4 x 60 s | Multiple exposure with 10 s pauses is recommended.
Process not yet established. |
| AZ MiR 701 | 1.5 µm | 169 mJ/cm2 | Single puddle, 60 s | PEB: 60 s at 110°C |
| 2 µm | ~200 mJ/cm2 | Single puddle, 60 s | ||
| 4 µm | ~280 mJ/cm2 | Single puddle, 60 s | PEB: 60 s at 110°C
Process adopted from process logs. | |
| AZ nLOF 2020 | 1.5 µm | 104 mJ/cm2 | Single puddle, 30 s | PEB: 60 s at 110°C
Use 60 s development for lift-off |
Maskless aligners
THIS SECTION IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION 
Aligner: Maskless 01
Aligner: Maskless 01 uses a 365nm LED source. The exposure dose needed seems to follow the dose needed to process the same substrate in Aligner: MA6-2. As doses get higher, there is a tendency for the dose needed in the Aligner: Maskless 01 to exceed the dose needed in Aligner: MA6-2.
More information about the process parameters for exposure using Aligner: Maskless 01 can be found here. The process log is also a good source of information.
Aligner: Maskless 02
Information about the process parameters for exposure using Aligner: Maskless 02 can be found here. The process log is also a good source of information.
Aligner: Maskless 03
Information about the process parameters for exposure using Aligner: Maskless 03 can be found here. The process log is also a good source of information.