Specific Process Knowledge/Etch/Etching of Silicon/Si etch using ASE

The Bosch process: Etching of silicon

The Bosch process uses alternation between an etch cycle and a passivation cycle. Introducing a passivation step in an etch process is very beneficial for the control of the angle of the sidewalls in the etch process because it allows us to cover them with a protective layer that suppresses the isotropic etching. Combined with the high plasma density in the ICP chamber, the excellent sidewall control enables us to etch high aspect ratio structures in silicon with very high etch rates.

In the case of the silicon etching on the ASE, an etch phase with SF₆ and O₂ alternates with a passivation phase with C₄F₈.

The two standard silicon etch recipes

Two recipes have been optimized for the ASE. Their specification is on a 10 % etch load wafer with trenches.

Shallolr: The shallow etch process will etch a 2 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m opening down to make a 20 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m trench.
Deepetch: The deep etch process will etch a 50 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m opening down to make a 300 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m trench.

The standardization procedure on the ASE covers these two etches.

Recipes on the ASE

Shallolr

The shallolr recipe is designed to etch features (with sizes above 1 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m) in silicon down to a depth that ranges from a few microns to some 50 microns. (If you need to etch deeper use Deepetch or more shallow, see Nanoetches.) It is specified to etch a 2 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m wide trench down to a depth of 20 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m on a wafer that has a global/local etch opening density of 10%.

The recipe is given below.

**The shallolr recipe**
Common parameters		Multiplexed parameters
Parameter	Setting	Parameter	Etch	Passivation
Temperature	10^oC	SF₆ Flow	260 sccm	0 sccm
No. of cycles	31	O₂ Flow	26 sccm	0 sccm
Process time	5:56 mins	C₄F₄ Flow	0 sccm	120 sccm
APC mode	manual	RF coil	2800 W	1000 W
APC setting	86.8 %	RF Platen	16 W	0 W
		Cycle time	6.5 s	5 s

The process runs for 31 cycles (5:56 mins). The fact that it's Bosch process is clear from the scallops on the sidewalls - one should be able to count 31 of them.

Standardization images of the shallolr recipe
The profile of a 2 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m trench
The profile of a 50 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m trench

The process is designed to reach 20 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m down in a 2 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m trench but as is clear from the image of the corresponding 50 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m trench, this one is etched deeper. The reason is the so called Aspect Ratio Dependent Etching or ARDE: See below.

Deepetch

The deepetch recipe is designed to etch features (with sizes 2 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m) in silicon down to a depth that ranges from some 50 microns to hundreds of microns. (If you need to etch less, use shallow or Nanoetches.) It is specified to etch a 50 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m wide trench down to a depth of 300 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m on a wafer that has a global/local etch density of 10%.

The recipe is given below.

**The deepetch recipe**
Common parameters		Multiplexed parameters
Parameter	Setting	Parameter	Etch	Passivation
Temperature	20^oC	SF₆ Flow	230 sccm	0 sccm
No. of cycles	250	O₂ Flow	23 sccm	0 sccm
Process time	54:10 mins	C₄F₄ Flow	0 sccm	120 sccm
APC mode	manual	RF coil	2800 W	1000 W
APC setting	87.7 %	RF Platen	19 W	0 W
		Cycle time	8 s	5 s

Standardization images of the deepetch recipe
The profile of a 2 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m trench
The profile of a 50 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m trench

As is clear from the two images ARDE also plays a role in this case: The 2 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m trench (widened to about 5-6 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m because of undercut/underetching) is only etched 150 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \mu} m.

Standardization procedure on the ASE

Process development

Etch of nano sized structures

Three different examples of etch are shown here. The masking material was zep520A (80 nm).