Specific Process Knowledge/Characterization/Topographic measurement

Topographic measurements are measurements were you can measure hight differences on your substrate. If you measure in many spots of the substrate you can get a topographic image of the substrate.

AT DANCHIP we have three systems for topographic measurement:

• Dektak - Profiler for measuring micro structures
• Optical Profiler (Sensofar) - 3D Profiler for measuring micro structures
• Nanoman - AFM for measuring nano structures

High Aspect ratio structures
The fact that the tips of the Dektak profilers and the AFM are shaped like a cone with some tip angle causes a problem when characterizing high aspect ratio structures. For instance, if a 20 $\mu$m wide trench is etched deeper than approximately 18 $\mu$m, the tip of the Dektak will not be able to reach the bottom. The optical profiler uses a light beam that is focused through an objective. Therefore it is able to measure higher aspect ratios. The aspect ratio is limited by the posibility for the light to reach the bottom and get back to the detector. On some samples we have been able to measure aspect ratios above 1:10. Otherwise the solution is to cleave the sample along a line that is perpendicular to the trench and then inspect the profile in a scanning electron microscope or a microscope (for large structures).

Comparison of the two profilers and the AFM

	Dektak 8 stylus profiler	Dektak 8 stylus profiler	Optical Profiler (Sensofar)	Nanoman
General description	Profiler for measuring micro structures. Can do wafer mapping and stress measurements.	Profiler for measuring micro structures. Can do wafer mapping and stress measurements.	3D Profiler for measuring micro structures. Can do wafer mapping.	AFM for measuring nanostructures and surface roughness
Substrate size	up to 8"	up to 6"	Up to more than 6"	6" or less
Max. scan range xy	Line scan x: 50µm to 200mm	Line scan x: 50µm to 200mm	Depending on the objective: One view: 127µmX95µm to 1270µmX955µm Stitching: In principel a hole 6" wafer (time consuming)	90 µm square
Max. scan range z	50Å to 1mm	50Å to 1mm	Depending on the objective and Z resolution: 94.4µm ->9984µm	1 µm (can go up to 5 µm under special settings)
Resolution xy	down to 0.067 µm	down to xxx µm	Depending on the objective: 0.5µm -> 5µm	Depending on scan size and number of samples per line and number of lines - accuracy better than 2%
Resolution z	1Å, 10Å or 20Å	1Å, 10Å or 20Å	Depending on measuring methode: PSI down to 0.01 nm VSI down to 1 nm Confocal (depending on objective): 1nm -> 50nm	<1Å - accuracy better than 2%
Max. scan depth [µm] (as a function of trench width W)	1.2*(W[µm]-5µm)	1.2*(W[µm]-5µm)	Depending on material and trench width: Somewhere between 1:1 and 1:12	~1:1 with standard cantilever.
Tip radius	5 µm 45o cone	5 µm 45o cone	No tip - using light Blue monochromatic LED: 460nm White broadband LED: 550nm	<12 nm on standard cantilever
Stress measurement	Can be done	Can be done	No stress calculation capability	Cannot be done
Surface roughness	Can be done on a line scan	Can be done on a line scan	Can be done on a line or an area	Can be done on a selected surface area