Specific Process Knowledge/Lithography

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There are four different types of lithography available at DTU Nanolab:

• UV Lithography
• DUV Stepper Lithography
• E-beam Lithography
• Nano Imprint Lithography

Comparing lithography methods at DTU Nanolab

	UV Lithography	DUV Stepper Lithography	E-beam Lithography	Nano Imprint Lithography
Generel description	Pattern transfer via UltraViolet (UV) light	Pattern transfer via Deep UltraViolet (DUV) light	Patterning by electron beam	Pattern transfer via hot embossing (HE)
Pattern size range	Resist type, thickness, and pattern dependent ~0.6 µm and up	pattern type, shape and pitch dependent ~200 nm and up	~12 nm - 1 µm	~20 nm and up
Resist type	UV sensitive: AZ 5214E, AZ 4562, AZ MiR 701 (positive) AZ 5214E, AZ nLOF 2020, SU-8 (negative)	DUV sensitive JSR KRF M230Y, JSR KRF M35G (positive) UVN2300-0.8 (negative)	E-beam sensitive AR-P6200 CSAR, ZEP502A , PMMA (positive) HSQ, mr-EBL, AR-N 7520 (negative)	Imprint polymers: Topas PMMA mr-I 7030R
Resist thickness range	~0.5µm to 200µm	~50nm to 2µm	~30nm to 0.5 µm	~ 100nm to 2µm
Typical exposure time	10s-3min pr. wafer using mask aligners. 10min-5hours pr. wafer using maskless aligners.	Process depended, depends on pattern, pattern area and dose. Throughput is up to 60 wafers/hour.	Depends on dose, Q [µC/cm2], beam current, I [A], and pattern area, A [cm2]: t = Q*A/I	Process depended, depends also on heating and cooling temperature rates
Substrate size	small samples, down to 3x3 mm2 50 mm wafers 100 mm wafers 150 mm wafers 200 mm wafers	100 mm wafers 150 mm wafers 200 mm wafers	We have cassettes that fit to 4 small samples (slit openings: 20mm, 12mm, 8mm, 4mm) 6 wafers of 50 mm in size 3 wafers of 100 mm in size 1 wafer of 150 mm in size 1 wafer of 200 mm in size Only one cassette can be loaded at a time	small samples 50 mm wafers 100 mm wafers 150 mm wafers
Allowed materials	Any standard cleanroom material	Any standard cleanroom material	Any standard cleanroom material, except materials that will degas and special treatment for graphene	Any standard cleanroom material

Equipment Pages

Resist Overview (UV) Pretreatment HMDS BHF Oven 250C Drop Shape Analyzer Coating Spin Coater: Gamma UV Spin Coater: RCD8 Spin Coater: Labspin 02/03 Spray Coater Spin coater: Süss Stepper Spin Coater: Gamma e-beam & UV Baking Hotplates Ovens	UV Exposure KS Aligner Aligner: MA6-2 Inclined UV-lamp Aligner: Maskless 01 Aligner: Maskless 02 Aligner: Maskless 03 Deep-UV Exposure DUV Stepper (Canon FPA-3000EX4) Electron Beam Exposure E-Beam Writer 9500 (JEOL JBX-9500FSZ) Raith Elphy on SEM - LEO NanoImprint Lithography Molecular Vapour Deposition Imprinter 01	Development Developer: TMAH UV-lithography Developer: TMAH Manual Developer: SU8 Developer: TMAH Stepper Developer: E-beam Descum Plasma Asher 1 Plasma Asher 2 BHF Lift-off Lift-off Strip Plasma Asher 1 Plasma Asher 2 Resist Strip

Lithography Tool Package Training

DTU Nanolab offers a Tool Package Training in Lithography; the course includes theory on lithographic processes and equipment, as well as training in equipment operation and processing in the cleanroom.

The course is for all users that intend to perform any kind of lithographic processing in the cleanroom, and is a prerequisite for training in other lithography equipment.

For details, dates, and course material, please check the course description under Courses.

Lithography Tool Package Training
Schedule	Theoretical part Lecture videos that can be viewed at one's leisure. A 1 hour "questions and exercises" session 2 times a month (typically Fridays 09:30-10:30). Practical part A 3-4 hour training session 2 times a month, max. 4 persons per session (typically Wednesdays 09:00 - 12:30 or 10:00 - 13:30).
Location	Theoretical part The location of the "questions and exercises" session is room 121A in building 345C. Practical part The training session takes place inside the cleanroom. The meeting point will be in front of the first equipment.
Qualified Prerequisites	Cleanroom safety course at DTU Nanolab Admission to the cleanroom must be obtained before the training session Theoretical part must be completed before the training session
Preparations	Before the "questions and exercises" session Read Sami Franssila "Introduction to Microfabrication" (2010), Chapter 9: Optical Lithography. (Available online from DTU campus) Watch the lecture videos (7 videos, 2:41 hours in total). Write down any questions that may arise during the videos. Before training session Complete the theoretical part (Q&E) Watch the training videos of spin coating (automatic), exposure (operation, and alignment), and development (automatic). Study the equipment manuals. The manuals are available in LabManager. Study the TPT process flows (first print, and alignment).
Course Responsible	The Lithography Group at DTU Nanolab lithography@nanolab.dtu.dk.
Learning Objectives	Describe fundamental parts of lithographic processing in a cleanroom, design of process flows Authorization to use spin coater, mask aligner, and developer at DTU Nanolab Calculate relevant process parameters Analyze and apply your results of lithographic processing

Knowledge and Information about Lithography

Literature Franssila, 2010, Chapter 9: Optical Lithography Franssila, 2010, Chapter 10: Advanced Lithography Lithography Troubleshooter from MicroChemicals Application Notes from MicroChemicals Handbook of Microlithography, Micromachining, and Microfabrication, Chapter 2: E-beam Lithography Stefan Landis,Lithography, Chapter 3: E-beam Lithography Application notes from MicroChemicals GmbH, e.g. Lithography Trouble-Shooter Lecture videos Lithography TPT lecture videos (7 videos, 2:41 hours in total) on DTU Podcasts or YouTube A full lecture series from a UT Austin course on microfabrication by "litho guru" Chris Mack. Half of the lectures are on (projection) lithography :-) Lithography TPT lecture slides TPT slides: Introduction TPT slides: Spin Coating TPT slides: UV Exposure TPT slides: Development TPT slides: Post-processing TPT slides: Process Effects and Examples	Training videos Training Video: Automatic Spin Coater Training Video: Manual Spin Coater Labspin Training Video: UV Mask Aligner Part I (Operation) Training Video: UV Mask Aligner Part II (Alignment) Training Video: Maskless aligner Training Video Training Video: Maskless aligner Conversion Training Video: Maskless aligner Series and Navigation Training Video: Maskless aligner Alignment Training Video: Automatic Puddle Developer Training Video: Manual Puddle Developer Playlists on YouTube: Lithography TPT training videos Maskless aligner training videos Manuals Automatic Spin Coater: Spin Coater: Gamma UV Manual Spin Coater: Spin Coater: Labspin 02 or Spin Coater: Labspin 03 UV Mask Aligner: Aligner: MA6 - 2 or KS Aligner Automatic Puddle Developer: Developer: TMAH UV-lithography Manual Puddle Developer: Developer: TMAH Manual Manual E-beam Developer: Developer: E-beam Manual	Process Flows TPT first print process flow TPT alignment process flow UV resist process flows E-beam resist process flows Resists UV Resist Overview (links to manufacturers, technical data, process flows, etc) AZ 5214E AZ 4562 AZ MiR 701 (29cps) Az nLOF 2020 SU-8 E-beam Resist Overview UV Exposure Information on UV Exposure Dose Electron Beam Exposure Training on JEOL JBX-9500FSZ E-beam resists and process flows Lecture on E-beam Lithography Deep-UV Exposure Deep-UV Stepper Lithography