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=Elemental composition analysis=
=Elemental composition analysis=
{{Author-jmli1}}


[[File:Overview spectra Labadvisor.JPG|600px|XPS spectrum of a sample consisting of the elements silicon, oxygen and carbon. ]]
[[File:XPS survey.jpg|XPS spectrum of a sample consisting of the elements silicon, oxygen and carbon. {{image1}}]]


With a unique set of electronic states, each element has its own "finger-print" in the XPS spectrum. Each electronic state is occupied by electrons with a specific binding energy. In the spectrum above, the dominant peaks of carbon, oxygen and silicon are labelled. More peaks are seen in this socalled survey spectrum but they are all associated to these three elements. All elements have peaks within the wide energy range (usually 0 - 1350 eV binding energy) of the survey spectrum - hence any element that is present in the sample within its detection limit (roughly 1 % depending on element and acquisition setup) will show up in the survey spectrum as peaks of intensities that are determined by its concentration.
With a unique set of electronic states, each element has its own "finger-print" in the XPS spectrum. The electronic states in the atoms are occupied by electrons with a specific binding energy. In the spectrum above, the dominant peaks of carbon, oxygen and silicon are labelled. More peaks are seen in this socalled survey spectrum but they are all associated to these three elements. All elements have peaks within the wide energy range (usually 0 - 1350 eV binding energy) of the survey spectrum - hence any element that is present in the sample within its detection limit (roughly 1 % depending on element and acquisition setup) will show up in the survey spectrum as peaks of intensities that are determined by the respective concentrations.
show the  
As such, survey spectra are used to determined what elements are present in the sample.


In the table below, one can see the set
For each element identified in the survey spectrum, one typically runs a spectrum at the dominant peak. These spectra have a much narrower energy ranges and therefore much smaller energy steps - this enables us to achieve much better energy resolution and hence to see the finer details of each element. These spectra, called high resolution spectra, contain the chemical information that is the strong selling point of the XPS technique.


in atoms are different for all elements, and when measuring a photoelectron spectrum over a wide range of energies, the main line from each element will be placed at a specific energy in the spectrum.
== Table with approximate binding energies ==
 
Here is shown a spectrum measured over the energy range 0-1350 eV, and characteristic lines from three elements (C,O and Si) are seen and indicated in the spectrum.
 
The instrument program can use this information to give an estimate of the sample composition, giving the atomic percentage of the different elements.


== Table with approximate binding energies ==
The table below has been adapted from the web archive at https://xdb.lbl.gov/Section1/Sec_1-1.html.


The table below has been adapted from [http://xdb.lbl.gov/Section1/Sec_1-1.html].
=Hydrogen (1) to copper (29)=


{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" {{table}}
{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Element'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Orbital'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''K 1s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''L1 2s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''L2 2p1/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2p<sub>1/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''L3 2p3/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''M1 3s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''M2 3p1/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3p<sub>1/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''M3 3p3/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''M4 3d3/2'''
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''M5 3d5/2'''
| ''' 1  H'''||13,6||||||||||||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N1 4s'''
|-
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N2 4p1/2'''
|   '''2  He'''||24,6||||||||||||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N3 4p3/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N5 4d5/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N6 4f5/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N7 4f7/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''O1 5s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''O2 5p1/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''O3 5p3/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''O4 5d3/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''O5 5d5/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''P1 6s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''P2 6p1/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''P3 6p3/2'''
|-
|-
|  1 H||13,6||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|  '''3 Li'''||54,7||||||||||||
|-
|-
|  2 He||24,6||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|  '''4 Be'''||111,5||||||||||||
|-
|-
|   3 Li||54,7||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|  ''' 5  B'''||188||||||||||||
|-
|-
|  4 Be||111,5||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|  '''6 C'''||284,2||||||||||||
|-
|-
|  5 B||188||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|  '''7 N'''||409,9||37,3||||||||||
|-
|-
|  6 C||284,2||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|  '''8 O'''||543,1||41,6||||||||||
|-
|-
|  7 N||409,9||37,3||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|  '''9 F'''||696,7||||||||||||
|-
|-
|   8 O||543,1||41,6||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''10 Ne'''||870,2||48,5||21,7||21,6||||||
|-
|-
|   9 F||696,7||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''11 Na'''||1070,8||63,5||30,65||30,81||||||
|-
|-
| 10 Ne||870,2||48,5||21,7||21,6||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''12 Mg'''||1303||88,7||49,78||49,5||||||
|-
|-
| 11 Na||1070,8||63,5||30,65||30,81||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''13 Al'''||1559,6||117,8||72,95||72,55||||||
|-
|-
| 12 Mg||1303||88,7||49,78||49,5||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''14 Si'''||1839||149,7||99,82||99,42||||||
|-
|-
| 13 Al||1559,6||117,8||72,95||72,55||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''15 P'''||2145,5||189||136||135||||||
|-
|-
| 14 Si||1839||149,7||99,82||99,42||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''16 S'''||2472||230,9||163,6||162,5||||||
|-
|-
| 15 P||2145,5||189||136||135||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''17 Cl'''||2822,4||270||202||200||||||
|-
|-
| 16 S||2472||230,9||163,6||162,5||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''18 Ar'''||3205,9||326,3||250,6||248,4||29,3||15,9||15,7
|-
|-
| 17 Cl||2822,4||270||202||200||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|''' 19 K'''||3608,4||378,6||297,3||294,6||34,8||18,3||18,3
|-
|-
| 18 Ar||3205,9||326,3||250,6||248,4||29,3||15,9||15,7||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''20 Ca'''||4038,5||438,4||349,7||346,2||44,3||25,4||25,4
|-
|-
| 19 K||3608,4||378,6||297,3||294,6||34,8||18,3||18,3||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|''' 21 Sc'''||4492||498||403,6||398,7||51,1||28,3||28,3
|-
|-
| 20 Ca||4038,5||438,4||349,7||346,2||44,3||25,4||25,4||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''22 Ti'''||4966||560,9||460,2||453,8||58,7||32,6||32,6
|-
|-
| 21 Sc||4492||498||403,6||398,7||51,1||28,3||28,3||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''23 V'''||5465||626,7||519,8||512,1||66,3||37,2||37,2
|-
|-
| 22 Ti||4966||560,9||460,2||453,8||58,7||32,6||32,6||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''24 Cr'''||5989||696||583,8||574,1||74,1||42,2||42,2
|-
|-
| 23 V||5465||626,7||519,8||512,1||66,3||37,2||37,2||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''25 Mn'''||6539||769,1||649,9||638,7||82,3||47,2||47,2
|-
|-
| 24 Cr||5989||696||583,8||574,1||74,1||42,2||42,2||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''26 Fe'''||7112||844,6||719,9||706,8||91,3||52,7||52,7
|-
|-
| 25 Mn||6539||769,1||649,9||638,7||82,3||47,2||47,2||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''27 Co'''||7709||925,1||793,2||778,1||101||58,9||59,9
|-
|-
| 26 Fe||7112||844,6||719,9||706,8||91,3||52,7||52,7||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''28 Ni'''||8333||1008,6||870||852,7||110,8||68||66,2
|-
|-
| 27 Co||7709||925,1||793,2||778,1||101||58,9||59,9||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''29 Cu'''||8979||1096,7||952,3||932,7||122,5||77,3||75,1
|-
|-
| 28  Ni||8333||1008,6||870||852,7||110,8||68||66,2||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|}
 
= Zink (30) to iodine (53) =
 
{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Orbital'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2p<sub>1/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3p<sub>1/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3d<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3d<sub>5/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4p<sub>1/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4d<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4d<sub>5/2</sub>'''
|-
|-
| 29 Cu||8979||1096,7||952,3||932,7||122,5||77,3||75,1||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''30 Zn'''||9659||1196,2||1044,9||1021,8||139,8||91,4||88,6||10,2||10,1||||||||||
|-
|-
| 30 Zn||9659||1196,2||1044,9||1021,8||139,8||91,4||88,6||10,2||10,1||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''31 Ga'''||10367||1299||1143,2||1116,4||159,5||103,5||100||18,7||18,7||||||||||
|-
|-
| 31 Ga||10367||1299||1143,2||1116,4||159,5||103,5||100||18,7||18,7||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''32 Ge'''||11103||1414,6||1248,1||1217||180,1||124,9||120,8||29,8||29,2||||||||||
|-
|-
| 32 Ge||11103||1414,6||1248,1||1217||180,1||124,9||120,8||29,8||29,2||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''33 As'''||11867||1527||1359,1||1323,6||204,7||146,2||141,2||41,7||41,7||||||||||
|-
|-
| 33 As||11867||1527||1359,1||1323,6||204,7||146,2||141,2||41,7||41,7||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''34 Se'''||12658||1652||1474,3||1433,9||229,6||166,5||160,7||55,5||54,6||||||||||
|-
|-
| 34 Se||12658||1652||1474,3||1433,9||229,6||166,5||160,7||55,5||54,6||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''35 Br'''||13474||1782||1596||1550||257||189||182||70||69||||||||||
|-
|-
| 35 Br||13474||1782||1596||1550||257||189||182||70||69||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''36 Kr'''||14326||1921||1730,9||1678,4||292,8||222,2||214,4||95||93,8||27,5||14,1||14,1||||
|-
|-
| 36 Kr||14326||1921||1730,9||1678,4||292,8||222,2||214,4||95||93,8||27,5||14,1||14,1||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''37 Rb'''||15200||2065||1864||1804||326,7||248,7||239,1||113||112||30,5||16,3||15,3||||
|-
|-
|}
| '''38  Sr'''||16105||2216||2007||1940||358,7||280,3||270||136||134,2||38,9||21,3||20,1||||
 
 
 
{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Element'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''K 1s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''L1 2s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''L2 2p1/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''L3 2p3/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''M1 3s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''M2 3p1/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''M3 3p3/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''M4 3d3/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''M5 3d5/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N1 4s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N2 4p1/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N3 4p3/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N5 4d5/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N6 4f5/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''N7 4f7/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''O1 5s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''O2 5p1/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''O3 5p3/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''O4 5d3/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''O5 5d5/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''P1 6s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''P2 6p1/2'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''P3 6p3/2'''
|-
|-
| 37 Rb||15200||2065||1864||1804||326,7||248,7||239,1||113||112||30,5||16,3||15,3||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''39 Y'''||17038||2373||2156||2080||392||310,6||298,8||157,7||155,8||43,8||24,4||23,1||||
|-
|-
| 38 Sr||16105||2216||2007||1940||358,7||280,3||270||136||134,2||38,9||21,3||20,1||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''40 Zr'''||17998||2532||2307||2223||430,3||343,5||329,8||181,1||178,8||50,6||28,5||27,1||||
|-
|-
| 39 Y||17038||2373||2156||2080||392||310,6||298,8||157,7||155,8||43,8||24,4||23,1||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''41 Nb'''||18986||2698||2465||2371||466,6||376,1||360,6||205||202,3||56,4||32,6||30,8||||
|-
|-
| 40 Zr||17998||2532||2307||2223||430,3||343,5||329,8||181,1||178,8||50,6||28,5||27,1||||||||||||||||||||||
|''' 42 Mo'''||20000||2866||2625||2520||506,3||411,6||394||231,1||227,9||63,2||37,6||35,5||||
|-
|-
| 41 Nb||18986||2698||2465||2371||466,6||376,1||360,6||205||202,3||56,4||32,6||30,8||||||||||||||||||||||
|''' 43 Tc'''||21044||3043||2793||2677||544||447,6||417,7||257,6||253,9||69,5||42,3||39,9||||
|-
|-
| 42 Mo||20000||2866||2625||2520||506,3||411,6||394||231,1||227,9||63,2||37,6||35,5||||||||||||||||||||||
|''' 44 Ru'''||22117||3224||2967||2838||586,1||483,5||461,4||284,2||280||75||46,3||43,2||||
|-
|-
| 43 Tc||21044||3043||2793||2677||544||447,6||417,7||257,6||253,9||69,5||42,3||39,9||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''45 Rh'''||23220||3412||3146||3004||628,1||521,3||496,5||311,9||307,2||81,4||50,5||47,3||||
|-
|-
| 44 Ru||22117||3224||2967||2838||586,1||483,5||461,4||284,2||280||75||46,3||43,2||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''46 Pd'''||24350||3604||3330||3173||671,6||559,9||532,3||340,5||335,2||87,1||55,7||50,9||||
|-
|-
| 45 Rh||23220||3412||3146||3004||628,1||521,3||496,5||311,9||307,2||81,4||50,5||47,3||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''47 Ag'''||25514||3806||3524||3351||719||603,8||573||374||368,3||97||63,7||58,3||||
|-
|-
| 46 Pd||24350||3604||3330||3173||671,6||559,9||532,3||340,5||335,2||87,1||55,7||50,9||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''48 Cd'''||26711||4018||3727||3538||772||652,6||618,4||411,9||405,2||109,8||63,9||63,9||11,7||10,7
|-
|-
| 47 Ag||25514||3806||3524||3351||719||603,8||573||374||368,3||97||63,7||58,3||||||||||||||||||||||
| '''49 In'''||27940||4238||3938||3730||827,2||703,2||665,3||451,4||443,9||122,9||73,5||73,5||17,7||16,9
|-
|-
| 48 Cd||26711||4018||3727||3538||772||652,6||618,4||411,9||405,2||109,8||63,9||63,9||11,7||10,7||||||||||||||||||
| '''50 Sn'''||29200||4465||4156||3929||884,7||756,5||714,6||493,2||484,9||137,1||83,6||83,6||24,9||23,9
|-
|-
| 49 In||27940||4238||3938||3730||827,2||703,2||665,3||451,4||443,9||122,9||73,5||73,5||17,7||16,9||||||||||||||||||
| '''51 Sb'''||30491||4698||4380||4132||946||812,7||766,4||537,5||528,2||153,2||95,6||95,6||33,3||32,1
|-
|-
| 50 Sn||29200||4465||4156||3929||884,7||756,5||714,6||493,2||484,9||137,1||83,6||83,6||24,9||23,9||||||||||||||||||
| '''52 Te'''||31814||4939||4612||4341||1006||870,8||820||583,4||573||169,4||103,3||103,3||41,9||40,4
|-
|-
| 51 Sb||30491||4698||4380||4132||946||812,7||766,4||537,5||528,2||153,2||95,6||95,6||33,3||32,1||||||||||||||||||
| '''53 I'''||33169||5188||4852||4557||1072||931||875||630,8||619,3||186||123||123||50,6||48,9
|-
|-
| 52  Te||31814||4939||4612||4341||1006||870,8||820||583,4||573||169,4||103,3||103,3||41,9||40,4||||||||||||||||||
|}
 
=Xenon (54) to gold (79) =
 
{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Orbital'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2p<sub>1/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3p<sub>1/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3d<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3d<sub>5/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4p<sub>1/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4d<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4d<sub>5/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4f<sub>5/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4f<sub>7/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5p<sub>1/2</sub> '''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
|-
|-
| 53 I||33169||5188||4852||4557||1072||931||875||630,8||619,3||186||123||123||50,6||48,9||||||||||||||||||
| '''54 Xe'''||34561||5453||5107||4786||1148,7||1002,1||940,6||689||676,4||213,2||146,7||145,5||69,5||67,5||—||—||23,3||13,4||12,1
|-
|-
| 54 Xe||34561||5453||5107||4786||1148,7||1002,1||940,6||689||676,4||213,2||146,7||145,5||69,5||67,5||—||—||23,3||13,4||12,1||||||||
| '''55 Cs'''||35985||5714||5359||5012||1211||1071||1003||740,5||726,6||232,3||172,4||161,3||79,8||77,5||—||—||22,7||14,2||12,1
|-
|-
| 55 Cs||35985||5714||5359||5012||1211||1071||1003||740,5||726,6||232,3||172,4||161,3||79,8||77,5||—||—||22,7||14,2||12,1||||||||
| '''56 Ba'''||37441||5989||5624||5247||1293||1137||1063||795,7||780,5||253,5||192||178,6||92,6||89,9||—||—||30,3||17||14,8
|-
|-
| 56 Ba||37441||5989||5624||5247||1293||1137||1063||795,7||780,5||253,5||192||178,6||92,6||89,9||—||—||30,3||17||14,8||||||||
| '''57 La'''||38925||6266||5891||5483||1362||1209||1128||853||836||274,7||205,8||196||105,3||102,5||—||—||34,3||19,3||16,8
|-
|-
| 57 La||38925||6266||5891||5483||1362||1209||1128||853||836||274,7||205,8||196||105,3||102,5||—||—||34,3||19,3||16,8||||||||
| '''58 Ce'''||40443||6549||6164||5723||1436||1274||1187||902,4||883,8||291||223,2||206,5||109||—||0,1||0,1||37,8||19,8||17
|-
|-
| 58 Ce||40443||6549||6164||5723||1436||1274||1187||902,4||883,8||291||223,2||206,5||109||—||0,1||0,1||37,8||19,8||17||||||||
| '''59 Pr'''||41991||6835||6440||5964||1511||1337||1242||948,3||928,8||304,5||236,3||217,6||115,1||115,1||2||2||37,4||22,3||22,3
|-
|-
| 59 Pr||41991||6835||6440||5964||1511||1337||1242||948,3||928,8||304,5||236,3||217,6||115,1||115,1||2||2||37,4||22,3||22,3||||||||
| '''60 Nd'''||43569||7126||6722||6208||1575||1403||1297||1003,3||980,4||319,2||243,3||224,6||120,5||120,5||1,5||1,5||37,5||21,1||21,1
|-
|-
| 60 Nd||43569||7126||6722||6208||1575||1403||1297||1003,3||980,4||319,2||243,3||224,6||120,5||120,5||1,5||1,5||37,5||21,1||21,1||||||||
| '''61 Pm'''||45184||7428||7013||6459||||1471||1357||1052||1027||||242||242||120||120||—||—||—||—||—
|-
|-
| 61 Pm||45184||7428||7013||6459||||1471||1357||1052||1027||||242||242||120||120||—||—||—||—||—||||||||
| '''62 Sm''' ||46834||7737||7312||6716||1723||1541||1420||1110,9||1083,4||347,2||265,6||247,4||129||129||5,2||5,2||37,4||21,3||21,3
|-
|-
| 62 Sm ||46834||7737||7312||6716||1723||1541||1420||1110,9||1083,4||347,2||265,6||247,4||129||129||5,2||5,2||37,4||21,3||21,3||||||||
| '''63 Eu'''||48519||8052||7617||6977||1800||1614||1481||1158,6||1127,5||360||284||257||133||127,7||0||0||32||22||22
|-
|-
| 63 Eu||48519||8052||7617||6977||1800||1614||1481||1158,6||1127,5||360||284||257||133||127,7||0||0||32||22||22||||||||
| '''64 Gd'''||50239||8376||7930||7243||1881||1688||1544||1221,9||1189,6||378,6||286||271||—||142,6||8,6||8,6||36||28||21
|-
|-
| 64 Gd||50239||8376||7930||7243||1881||1688||1544||1221,9||1189,6||378,6||286||271||—||142,6||8,6||8,6||36||28||21||||||||
| '''65 Tb'''||51996||8708||8252||7514||1968||1768||1611||1276,9||1241,1||396||322,4||284,1||150,5||150,5||7,7||2,4||45,6||28,7||22,6
|-
|-
| 65 Tb||51996||8708||8252||7514||1968||1768||1611||1276,9||1241,1||396||322,4||284,1||150,5||150,5||7,7||2,4||45,6||28,7||22,6||||||||
| '''66 Dy'''||53789||9046||8581||7790||2047||1842||1676||1333||1292,6||414,2||333,5||293,2||153,6||153,6||8||4,3||49,9||26,3||26,3
|-
|-
| 66 Dy||53789||9046||8581||7790||2047||1842||1676||1333||1292,6||414,2||333,5||293,2||153,6||153,6||8||4,3||49,9||26,3||26,3||||||||
| '''67 Ho'''||55618||9394||8918||8071||2128||1923||1741||1392||1351||432,4||343,5||308,2||160||160||8,6||5,2||49,3||30,8||24,1
|-
|-
| 67 Ho||55618||9394||8918||8071||2128||1923||1741||1392||1351||432,4||343,5||308,2||160||160||8,6||5,2||49,3||30,8||24,1||||||||
| '''68 Er'''||57486||9751||9264||8358||2207||2006||1812||1453||1409||449,8||366,2||320,2||167,6||167,6||—||4,7||50,6||31,4||24,7
|-
|-
| 68 Er||57486||9751||9264||8358||2207||2006||1812||1453||1409||449,8||366,2||320,2||167,6||167,6||—||4,7||50,6||31,4||24,7||||||||
| '''69 Tm'''||59390||10116||9617||8648||2307||2090||1885||1515||1468||470,9||385,9||332,6||175,5||175,5||—||4,6||54,7||31,8||25
|-
|-
| 69 Tm||59390||10116||9617||8648||2307||2090||1885||1515||1468||470,9||385,9||332,6||175,5||175,5||—||4,6||54,7||31,8||25||||||||
| '''70 Yb'''||61332||10486||9978||8944||2398||2173||1950||1576||1528||480,5||388,7||339,7||191,2||182,4||2,5||1,3||52||30,3||24,1
|-
|-
| 70 Yb||61332||10486||9978||8944||2398||2173||1950||1576||1528||480,5||388,7||339,7||191,2||182,4||2,5||1,3||52||30,3||24,1||||||||
| '''71 Lu'''||63314||10870||10349||9244||2491||2264||2024||1639||1589||506,8||412,4||359,2||206,1||196,3||8,9||7,5||57,3||33,6||26,7
|-
|-
| 71 Lu||63314||10870||10349||9244||2491||2264||2024||1639||1589||506,8||412,4||359,2||206,1||196,3||8,9||7,5||57,3||33,6||26,7||||||||
| '''72 Hf'''||65351||11271||10739||9561||2601||2365||2108||1716||1662||538||438,2||380,7||220||211,5||15,9||14,2||64,2||38||29,9
|-
|-
| 72 Hf||65351||11271||10739||9561||2601||2365||2108||1716||1662||538||438,2||380,7||220||211,5||15,9||14,2||64,2||38||29,9||||||||
| '''73 Ta'''||67416||11682||11136||9881||2708||2469||2194||1793||1735||563,4||463,4||400,9||237,9||226,4||23,5||21,6||69,7||42,2||32,7
|-
|-
| 73 Ta||67416||11682||11136||9881||2708||2469||2194||1793||1735||563,4||463,4||400,9||237,9||226,4||23,5||21,6||69,7||42,2||32,7||||||||
| '''74 W'''||69525||12100||11544||10207||2820||2575||2281||1872||1809||594,1||490,4||423,6||255,9||243,5||33,6||31,4||75,6||45,3||36,8
|-
|-
| 74 W||69525||12100||11544||10207||2820||2575||2281||1872||1809||594,1||490,4||423,6||255,9||243,5||33,6||31,4||75,6||45,3||36,8||||||||
| '''75 Re'''||71676||12527||11959||10535||2932||2682||2367||1949||1883||625,4||518,7||446,8||273,9||260,5||42,9||40,5||83||45,6||34,6
|-
|-
| 75 Re||71676||12527||11959||10535||2932||2682||2367||1949||1883||625,4||518,7||446,8||273,9||260,5||42,9||40,5||83||45,6||34,6||||||||
| '''76 Os'''||73871||12968||12385||10871||3049||2792||2457||2031||1960||658,2||549,1||470,7||293,1||278,5||53,4||50,7||84||58||44,5
|-
|-
| 76 Os||73871||12968||12385||10871||3049||2792||2457||2031||1960||658,2||549,1||470,7||293,1||278,5||53,4||50,7||84||58||44,5||||||||
| '''77 Ir'''||76111||13419||12824||11215||3174||2909||2551||2116||2040||691,1||577,8||495,8||311,9||296,3||63,8||60,8||95,2||63||48
|-
|-
| 77 Ir||76111||13419||12824||11215||3174||2909||2551||2116||2040||691,1||577,8||495,8||311,9||296,3||63,8||60,8||95,2||63||48||||||||
| '''78 Pt'''||78395||13880||13273||11564||3296||3027||2645||2202||2122||725,4||609,1||519,4||331,6||314,6||74,5||71,2||101,7||65,3||51,7
|-
|-
| 78  Pt||78395||13880||13273||11564||3296||3027||2645||2202||2122||725,4||609,1||519,4||331,6||314,6||74,5||71,2||101,7||65,3||51,7||||||||
| '''79 Au'''||80725||14353||13734||11919||3425||3148||2743||2291||2206||762,1||642,7||546,3||353,2||335,1||87,6||84||107,2||74,2||57,2
|-
|-
| 79 Au||80725||14353||13734||11919||3425||3148||2743||2291||2206||762,1||642,7||546,3||353,2||335,1||87,6||84||107,2||74,2||57,2||||||||
|}
 
= Mercury (80) to uranium (92)=
 
{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="1" {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Orbital'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''1s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2p<sub>1/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''2p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3p<sub>1/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3d<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''3d<sub>5/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4p<sub>1/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4d<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4d<sub>5/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4f<sub>5/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''4f<sub>7/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5p<sub>1/2</sub> '''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5d<sub>3/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''5d<sub>5/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''6s'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''6p<sub>1/2</sub>'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''6p<sub>3/2</sub>'''
|-
|-
| 80 Hg||83102||14839||14209||12284||3562||3279||2847||2385||2295||802,2||680,2||576,6||378,2||358,8||104||99,9||127||83,1||64,5||9,6||7,8||||
| '''80 Hg'''||83102||14839||14209||12284||3562||3279||2847||2385||2295||802,2||680,2||576,6||378,2||358,8||104||99,9||127||83,1||64,5||9,6||7,8||||||
|-
|-
| 81  Tl||85530||15347||14698||12658||3704||3416||2957||2485||2389||846,2||720,5||609,5||405,7||385||122,2||117,8||136||94,6||73,5||14,7||12,5||||
| '''81  Tl'''||85530||15347||14698||12658||3704||3416||2957||2485||2389||846,2||720,5||609,5||405,7||385||122,2||117,8||136||94,6||73,5||14,7||12,5||||||
|-
|-
| 82  Pb||88005||15861||15200||13035||3851||3554||3066||2586||2484||891,8||761,9||643,5||434,3||412,2||141,7||136,9||147||106,4||83,3||20,7||18,1||||
| '''82  Pb'''||88005||15861||15200||13035||3851||3554||3066||2586||2484||891,8||761,9||643,5||434,3||412,2||141,7||136,9||147||106,4||83,3||20,7||18,1||||||
|-
|-
| 83  Bi||90524||16388||15711||13419||3999||3696||3177||2688||2580||939||805,2||678,8||464||440,1||162,3||157||159,3||119||92,6||26,9||23,8||||
| '''83  Bi'''||90524||16388||15711||13419||3999||3696||3177||2688||2580||939||805,2||678,8||464||440,1||162,3||157||159,3||119||92,6||26,9||23,8||||||
|-
|-
| 84  Po||93105||16939||16244||13814||4149||3854||3302||2798||2683||995||851||705||500||473||184||184||177||132||104||31||31||||
| '''84  Po'''||93105||16939||16244||13814||4149||3854||3302||2798||2683||995||851||705||500||473||184||184||177||132||104||31||31||||||
|-
|-
| 85  At||95730||17493||16785||14214||4317||4008||3426||2909||2787||1042||886||740||533||507||210||210||195||148||115||40||40||||
| '''85  At'''||95730||17493||16785||14214||4317||4008||3426||2909||2787||1042||886||740||533||507||210||210||195||148||115||40||40||||||
|-
|-
| 86  Rn||98404||18049||17337||14619||4482||4159||3538||3022||2892||1097||929||768||567||541||238||238||214||164||127||48||48||26||
| '''86  Rn'''||98404||18049||17337||14619||4482||4159||3538||3022||2892||1097||929||768||567||541||238||238||214||164||127||48||48||26||||
|-
|-
| 87  Fr||101137||18639||17907||15031||4652||4327||3663||3136||3000||1153||980||810||603||577||268||268||234||182||140||58||58||34||15
| '''87  Fr'''||101137||18639||17907||15031||4652||4327||3663||3136||3000||1153||980||810||603||577||268||268||234||182||140||58||58||34||15||15
|-
|-
| 88  Ra||103922||19237||18484||15444||4822||4490||3792||3248||3105||1208||1058||879||636||603||299||299||254||200||153||68||68||44||19
| '''88  Ra'''||103922||19237||18484||15444||4822||4490||3792||3248||3105||1208||1058||879||636||603||299||299||254||200||153||68||68||44||19|| 19
|-
|-
| 89  Ac||106755||19840||19083||15871||5002||4656||3909||3370||3219||1269||1080||890||675||639||319||319||272||215||167||80||80||—||—
| '''89  Ac'''||106755||19840||19083||15871||5002||4656||3909||3370||3219||1269||1080||890||675||639||319||319||272||215||167||80||80||—||—||-
|-
|-
| 90  Th||109651||20472||19693||16300||5182||4830||4046||3491||3332||1330||1168||966,4||712,1||675,2||342,4||333,1||290||229||182||92,5||85,4||41,4||24,5
| '''90  Th'''||109651||20472||19693||16300||5182||4830||4046||3491||3332||1330||1168||966,4||712,1||675,2||342,4||333,1||290||229||182||92,5||85,4||41,4||24,5||16,6
|-
|-
| 91  Pa||112601||21105||20314||16733||5367||5001||4174||3611||3442||1387||1224||1007||743||708||371||360||310||232||232||94||94||—||—
| '''91  Pa'''||112601||21105||20314||16733||5367||5001||4174||3611||3442||1387||1224||1007||743||708||371||360||310||232||232||94||94||—||—||-
|-
|-
| 92  U||115606||21757||20948||17166||5548||5182||4303||3728||3552||1439||1271||1043||778,3||736,2||388,2||377,4||321||257||192||102,8||94,2||43,9||26,8
| '''92  U'''||115606||21757||20948||17166||5548||5182||4303||3728||3552||1439||1271||1043||778,3||736,2||388,2||377,4||321||257||192||102,8||94,2||43,9||26,8||16,8
|-
|-
|}
|}
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