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'''Feedback to this page''': '''[mailto:labadviser@danchip.dtu.dk?Subject=Feed%20back%20from%20page%20http://labadviser.danchip.dtu.dk/index.php?title=Specific_Process_Knowledge/Thin_film_deposition/Deposition_of_Silicon&action=edit click here]'''  
'''Feedback to this page''': '''[mailto:labadviser@nanolab.dtu.dk?Subject=Feed%20back%20from%20page%20http://labadviser.nanolab.dtu.dk/index.php?title=Specific_Process_Knowledge/Thin_film_deposition/Deposition_of_Silicon&action=edit click here]'''  


<i> Unless otherwise stated, this page is written by <b>DTU Nanolab internal</b></i>


PolySilicon can be deposited in several Danchip tools. Either it can be sputtered or be deposited in the PolySilicon furnace. In the chart below you can compare the two different deposition methods:
PolySilicon can be deposited in several Nanolab tools. It can be sputtered, e-beam evaporated or be deposited in the PolySilicon furnaces. In the chart below you can compare the different deposition methods:


==Deposition of PolySilicon using LPCVD==
DTU Nanolab has two furnaces for the deposition of [[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Furnace LPCVD PolySilicon | PolySilicon using Low Chemical Vapour Deposition]] (LPCVD).
We have a 6" furnace (installed in 2011) for the deposition of standard polySi, amorphous polySi and boron doped polySi on 100 mm or 150 mm wafers and a 4" furnace (installed in 1995) for the deposition of standard polySi, amorphous polySi, boron- and phosphorous doped polySi on 100 mm wafers.
In LabManager the two furnaces are named "Furnace: LPCVD Poly-Si (4") (B4)" and "Furnace: LPCVD Poly-Si (6") (E2)", respectively.
*[[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Furnace LPCVD PolySilicon/Standard recipes, QC limits and results for the 4" polysilicon furnace|Deposition of PolySilicon using the 4" PolySilicon Furnace]]
*[[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Furnace LPCVD PolySilicon/Standard recipes, QC limits and results for the 6" polysilicon furnace|Deposition of PolySilicon using the 6" PolySilicon Furnace]]
==Deposition of Silicon using PECVD==
At Nanolab you can also deposit silicon the using PECVD. The deposition temperature is 300 °C. 
* [[/Si deposition using PECVD|Si deposition using PECVD3]]
==Deposition of Silicon using sputter deposition==
At Nanolab we can sputter silicon with the Lesker Sputter systems (both the single chamber and dual chamber systems). One of the advantages of sputtering is that you can deposit on almost any material you like. In the cluster system you can heat the substrate up to 600 °C.
* [[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Deposition of Silicon/Si sputter in Sputter-System Lesker|Si sputter deposition in the  Sputter-System (Lesker)]] - ''includes information on surface roughness and stress''
* [[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Deposition of Silicon/Si sputter in Sputter-System Metal-Oxide(PC1)|Si sputter deposition in the  Sputter-System Metal-Oxide(PC1)]]
* [[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Deposition of Silicon/Si sputter in Sputter-System Metal-Oxide(PC3)|Si sputter deposition in the  Sputter-System Metal-Oxide(PC3)]]
It was previosly possible to sputter Si with our [[Specific Process Knowledge/Etch/IBE⁄IBSD Ionfab 300| IonFab 300]]. You can read about the deposition conditions and results from that [[Specific Process Knowledge/Etch/IBE⁄IBSD Ionfab 300/IBSD of Si|here]].
Some parameters for sputter deposition of Si in the now-decomissioned Wordentec[[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Si sputter in Wordentec| are found here]].
==Deposition of Silicon using e-beam evaporation==
It is possible to e-beam evaporate silicon at Nanolab using the [[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/10-pocket e-beam evaporator|E-beam evaporator (10-pockets)]], where the substrate can be heated up to 250 °C. As with sputtering you can deposit on almost any material. In e-beam evaporation the deposition is line-of-sight and will be suitable for lift-off. However for 8" wafers the system is not optimized for lift-off on the full diameter of the wafer.
* [[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Deposition of Silicon/Si evaporation in E-beam evaporator Temescal-2|Si evaporation in E-beam evaporator (10-pockets)]]
==Comparison of the methods for deposition of Silicon==


{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"  
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"  
|-style="background:silver; color:black"
|-style="background:silver; color:black"
!  
!  
! Sputter ([[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Multisource PVD|PVD co-sputter/evaporation]])
! 4" and 6" Furnace PolySi ([[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Furnace LPCVD PolySilicon|Furnace LPCVD PolySi]])
! Furnace PolySi ([[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Furnace LPCVD PolySilicon|Furnace LPCVD pSi]])
! PECVD ([[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/PECVD|PECVD]])
! Sputter ([[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Wordentec|Wordentec]])
! Sputter ([[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Lesker|Lesker]])
! Sputter ([[Specific Process Knowledge/Etch/IBE&frasl;IBSD Ionfab 300|IBE/IBSD Ionfab 300]])
! Sputter ([[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Cluster-based multi-chamber high vacuum sputtering deposition system|Sputter-system Metal-Oxide (PC1) and Sputter-system Metal-Nitride (PC3)]])
! Sputter ([[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Alcatel|Alcatel]])
! E-beam evaporation ([[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/10-pocket e-beam evaporator|E-beam evaporator (10-pockets)]])
|-  
|-  
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black"
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black"
! Batch size
! General description
|
* 4x 6" wafers or
* 4x 4" wafers or
* 4x 2" wafers
|
*1-25 wafers of 4"
*For other sizes ask the ThinFilm group
|
*24x 2" wafers or
*6x 4" wafers or
*6x 6" wafers
| 
* Several small samples mounted with capton tape
* 1x 50 mm wafer
* 1x 100 mm wafer
* 1x 150 mm wafer
* 1x 200 mm wafer
|
*Up to 1x4" wafers
*smaller pieces


| LPCVD (low pressure chemical vapour deposition) of a-Si and poly-Si
| Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Si
| Sputter deposition of Si.
| Sputter deposition of Si.
| E-beam evaporation of Si.
|-
|-
|-style="background:LightGrey; color:black"
|-style="background:LightGrey; color:black"
! Doping facility
|Yes, B (boron) and P (phosphorus)
|Yes, B and P
|None
|None
|None
|-
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black"
! Pre-clean
! Pre-clean
|RF Ar clean
|New wafers can go directly into the furnace. Processed wafers have to be RCA cleaned
|RCA clean for wafers that are not fresh form the box.
|&nbsp;
|RF Ar clean
|None
|RF Ar clean available
|None
|None
|RF Ar clean
|-
|-
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black"
|-style="background:LightGrey; color:black"
! Layer thickness
! Layer thickness
|10Å to about 3000Å
|~5 nm to 2 µm, if thicker layers are needed please ask the furnace team.
|~50Å to 2µm, if thicker layers are needed please ask the furnace team.
|few nm to ~ 600 nm
|10Å to about 3000Å
|few nm to >200 nm
|No defined limits
|few nm to ?
|10Å to 2000Å
|few nm to 600 nm
|-
|-


|-style="background:LightGrey; color:black"
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black"
! Deposition rate
! Deposition rate
|Dependent on process parameters, but in the order of 1 Å/s. See more [[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Si sputter in PVD co-sputter/evaporation|here]]
|
|
*undoped, boron doped:~100Å/min
*undoped, boron doped:~100 Å/min
*Phospher doped:~20Å/min
*Phosphorous doped:~20 Å/min
|
|~6 Å/s can probably be higher
In the order of 1 Å/s, but dependendt on process parameters. See more [[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Si sputter in Wordentec|here.]]
| About 6-8 nm/min. See more [[Specific_Process_Knowledge/Etch/IBE⁄IBSD_Ionfab_300/IBSD_of_Si|here.]]
|2Å/s to 8Å/s (see below).


| Depends on process parameters, roughly 0.2-2 Å/s. See Process Log.
|Depends on process parameters, at least 0.3 Å/s, see conditions [[Specific_Process_Knowledge/Thin_film_deposition/Cluster-based_multi-chamber_high_vacuum_sputtering_deposition_system#Standard_recipe_performance|here]]
| 1 Å/s
|-
|-
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black"
|-style="background:LightGrey; color:black"
! Process temperature
! Process temperature
| Option: heating wafer up to 400 deg C
|560 °C (amorphous) and 620 °C (poly)
|560 <sup>o</sup>C (amorph) and 620 <sup>o</sup>C (poly)
|300 °C
|?
|room temperature
|.
|room temperature to 600 °C
|?
|room temperature to 250 °C
|-


|-
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black"
|-style="background:LightGrey; color:black"
! Step coverage
! Step coverage
|.
|Good
|Good
|.
|Medium
|.
|Medium
|Poor
|Medium - may be possible to improve using HIPIMS
|no step coverage unless using tilt holder, in which case the step coverage can be very good and can be tuned.
|-
|-


|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black"
|-style="background:LightGrey; color:black"
! Adhesion
! Adhesion
|.
|Good for fused silica, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon
|Good for fused silica, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon
|.
|Not tested, but do not deposit on top of silicon
|.
|&nbsp;
|Bad for pyrex, for other materials we do not know
|&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
|-
|-
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black"
! Batch size
|
*1-30 wafers (4" furnace)
*1-25 wafes (6" furnace)
|
* Several small samples
* 1-2x 50 mm wafer
* 1x 100 mm wafer
* 1x 150 mm wafer
|
* Up to 1x6" wafers
* smaller pieces
|
*Up to 10x6" or 4" wafers
*many smaller pieces
|
*Up to 4 x 6" wafer or
*3x 8" wafers (ask for special holder)
*Many smaller pieces


|-style="background:LightGrey; color:black"
|-style="background:LightGrey; color:black"
! Allowed substrates  
! Allowed substrates  


|   
* Silicon wafers
* Quartz wafers
* Pyrex wafers
|Fused silica, Silicon, oxide, nitride
| 
* Silicon wafers
* Quartz wafers
* Pyrex wafers
|.
|
|
* Silicon wafers
* Silicon wafers (new or RCA cleaned)
* Quartz wafers
** with layers of silicon oxide or silicon (oxy)nitride
* Pyrex wafers
**  from the A, B and E stack furnaces
* Quartz/fused silica wafers (RCA cleaned)
|
*See the cross contamination sheets.
|
* Almost any that does not degas, see cross-contamination sheet
|
*Almost any that does not degas at your intended substrate temperature. See also cross-contamination sheets.
|
*Almost any that does not degas at your intended substrate temperature. See also cross-contamination sheet.
 
|-
|-
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black"
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black"
! Allowed material  
! Allowed material  


|  
| *Only those above (under allowed substrates).
* Silicon oxide
* Silicon (oxy)nitride
* Photoresist
* PMMA
* Mylar
* SU-8
* Any metals
|
|
*See the cross contamination sheets
|     
|     
* Silicon oxide
*Almost any that does not degas, see the cross-contamination sheet
* Silicon (oxy)nitride
* Photoresist
* PMMA
* Mylar
* SU-8
* Metals
|
|
* Silicon, silicon oxides, silicon nitrides
*Almost any that does not degas, see the cross-contamination sheets
* Metals from the +list
|
* Metals from the -list
*Almost any that does not degas, see cross-contamination sheet
* Alloys from the above list
 
* Stainless steel
* Glass
* III-V materials
* Resists
* Polymers
* Capton tape
|    
* Silicon oxide
* Silicon (oxy)nitride
* Photoresist
* PMMA
* Mylar
* SU-8
* Metals
|-
|-
|-style="background:LightGrey; color:black"
|-style="background:LightGrey; color:black"
! Doping facility
|None
|Can be doped during deposition with Boron and/or Phosphorous
| None
|.
|None
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black"
! Comment
! Comment
|
|
|Only in PECVD3
|
|
|
|
| The system is used both for IBSD and IBE. Si deposition can only be performed when it is set up for IBSD.
| This process is not running really stable nowadays.
|}
== Sputtered Silicon in the Alcatel==
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
|-style="background:silver; color:black"
!The parameter(s) changed 
!New value(s)
!Deposition rate
|-
|-style="background:WhiteSmoke; color:black"
|Standard parameters
|None
|
|
|-
|-style="background:LightGrey; color:black"
|Power
|400W
|3.8 Å/s
|-
|}
|}
== Sputtered Silicon in the PVD co-sputter/evaporation==
See this page: [[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Si sputter in PVD co-sputter/evaporation|Si sputter in PVD co-sputter/evaporation]]
== Sputtered Silicon in Wordentec==
See this page: [[Specific Process Knowledge/Thin film deposition/Si sputter in Wordentec|Si sputter in Wordentec]]
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