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General Process Information

Processing using Spin Coater: Gamma UV is divided into three parts:

HMDS priming
Spin coating
Soft baking

Features of Spin Coater: Gamma UV:

Cassette-to-cassette wafer handling
In-line HMDS priming

HMDS priming

The process of HMDS priming on Spin Coater: Gamma UV consists of five steps:

Dehydration
HMDS filling
Reaction
Purging
Cooling

UPDATE: The wafer is first baked in contact with the hotplate in order to heat the wafer to the hotplate temperature. The hotplates of the priming modules are set to 50°C. Then the wafer is baked under a low vacuum (~0.5 bar) in order to dehydrate the wafer before HMDS application. The HMDS is applied to the wafer using nitrogen as a carrier gas. 15 liters per minute of dry nitrogen is bubbled through liquid HMDS before flowing across the wafer surface. After the priming, the chamber is pump-purged twice, using a 7s pump to ~0.5 bar and a 10s nitrogen purge at 40 liters per minute. Finally, the wafer is cooled on the priming module coolplate.

The contact angle after HMDS priming is a function of the priming temperature, the priming time, and the surface condition of the wafer. Tests have shown the contact angle to decrease with increasing hotplate temperature, while it increases as a function of priming time at constant temperature. At a priming temperature of 50°C, the contact angle resulting from priming an oxidized silicon wafer for t = 30 - 300s may be approximated by

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \theta = 95 - 119.2 * t^{-0.51}}

The condition of the substrate surface is again a function of the substrate type, the substrate history, and the vacuum baking temperature and time. Since the vapor pressure of water at 50°C (0.123 bar) is lower than the vacuum bake pressure of 0.5 bar, the degree of dehydration will be a function of the vacuum baking time. Thus, for thick oxides, the standard of 30s vacuum bake may not be enough to dehydrate the surface sufficiently.

Spin coating

The process of spin coating on Spin Track 1 + 2 consists of a selection of the following steps:

Acceleration to a low spin speed if dynamic dispense is used
Resist dispense
Resist spreading at low spin speed
Spin-off
Deceleration before stop or further process steps
Edge-bead removal using PGMEA
Backside rinse using PGMEA

The wafer is first centered on the spindle chuck and held in place by vacuum. If static dispense is specified in the process, the spindle remains static during the ensuing resist dispense. In the case of dynamic dispense, the spindle is accelerated to a low spin speed before the resist is dispensed. Using too high spin speed during dispense can cause surface wetting issues, while a too low spin speed causes the resist to flow onto the backside of the wafer. The resist is dispensed through the dispense arm, positioned over the center of the wafer. The resist pump administers a fixed volume of resist (4 ml), but multiple dispenses may be used. After dispense, a short spin at low spin speed may be used in order to spread the resist over the wafer surface before spin-off.

The spin-off cycle determines the thickness of the resist coating. The thickness is primarily a function of the spin-off speed and the spin-off time, both following an inverse power-law (y=k*x^-a). The acceleration to the spin-off speed also influences the thickness, but the effect is dependent on previous steps. The spin-off is usually a simple spin at one speed, but it may be comprised of several steps at different spin speeds. After spin-off, the wafer is decelerated.

During spin coating, resist builds up at the edge of the wafer due to the change in surface tension at the edge. This phenomenon is called an edge-bead. Dependent on spin coating parameters, the coating may be several times thicker at the edge than in the central area. In a subsequent hard contact exposure step, this edge-bead induces an undesired proximity gap which reduces the lateral resolution, and may even cause the wafer to stick to the mask. In an edge-bead removal step, solvent administered through a nozzle positioned at the edge of the wafer while spinning at low or medium spin speed dissolves the resist and washes it away. After the removal, a short spin at medium spin speed dries the wafer before the soft bake. Dependent on the viscosity (solvent content) of the resist at the point of edge-bead removal, this drying spin may cause the resist to re-flow and create a secondary edge-bead. In some cases, it may be necessary to (partially) soft bake the resist before edge-bead removal.

Dependent on the spin speeds used in the various steps of the spin coating, resist may creep over the edge of the wafer and onto the backside. Also, some resists tend to leave fine strings of resist protruding from the edge of the wafer, or folded onto the backside, an effect sometimes referred to as "cotton candy". This resist will contaminate the soft bake hotplate, and thus subsequent wafers with resist. In a backside rinse step, solvent administered through a nozzle to the backside of the wafer while spinning at low or medium spin speed dissolves the resist and washes it away. After the rinse, a short spin at medium spin speed dries the wafer before the soft bake. During the backside rinse solvent inevitably creeps onto the front side of the wafer. This effect may be used to dissolve and subsequently remove an edge-bead, but it may also leave the rim of the wafer exposed. As an alternative to backside rinse, a wafer which is left dirty on the backside by the spin coat process may be soft baked in proximity in order to protect the hotplate from contamination. This leaves front side coating intact, but also leaves the backside dirty.

Soft baking

After spin coating the solvent in the resist formulation must be evaporated in a baking step in order to solidify the resist. This soft bake can be carried out as a contact bake or a proximity bake. In a contact bake, the wafer is held in close contact to the hotplate surface by vacuum during the bake. In a proximity bake, the wafer is first moved into close proximity, e.g. 1mm, of the hotplate surface, then held there for the duration of the bake. The hotplate temperatures of the baking modules of Spin Track 1 and 2 are fixed at temperatures relevant to the resist used, i.e. 90°C and 110°C, respectively. After baking, the wafer is cooled for 5 seconds on the coolplate.

Standard Processes

HMDS priming

The standard HMDS priming process has been developed to mimic the behavior of the IMTEC Star2000 HMDS oven. It produces a contact angle of 81-82° on an oxidized silicon surface. General information on HMDS priming can be found here.

Flow names, process parameters, and test results:

HMDS Standard

Process parameters: 10s contact bake, 30s vacuum bake, 72s HMDS priming, 5s cooling.

Test results:

Substrate	Contact angle	Test date	Tester initials	Comments
110 nm oxide	82.0°	7/5 2013	taran	average of three measurements on one sample
Si with native oxide	73.3°	7/5 2013	taran	average of nine measurements (three measurements on three different samples)
Borofloat (glass)	65.6°	7/5 2013	taran	average of three measurements on one sample

HMDS fast

Process parameters: 10s contact bake, 30s vacuum bake, 72s HMDS priming, 5s cooling.

Test results:

Substrate	Contact angle	Test date	Tester initials	Comments
110 nm oxide	82.0°	7/5 2013	taran	average of three measurements on one sample
Si with native oxide	73.3°	7/5 2013	taran	average of nine measurements (three measurements on three different samples)
Borofloat (glass)	65.6°	7/5 2013	taran	average of three measurements on one sample

AZ MiR 701 (29cps) coating

Spin coating of standard thicknesses (1.3 - 2.5 µm) of AZ MiR 701 (29cps) on Spin Coater: Gamma UV is divided into two or three steps: HMDS priming (optional), spin coating, and soft baking. The HMDS priming is equal to the HMDS fast process. Spin coating uses dynamic dispense of resist at 800 rpm, using a volume of 3 ml for 100 mm substrates. The dispense is followed by spin-off at a thickness dependent spin speed for 30 seconds. The wafer is decelerated at 1000 rpm/s before stopping. Soft baking is done at 90°C for 60s. As MiR 701 has a tendency to produce "cotton candy" on the edges, soft baking is performed in 1 mm proximity.

Flow names, process parameters, and test results:

(1410) DCH 100mm MiR 701 1.5um
(1411) DCH 100mm MiR 701 1.5um HMDS
(1610) DCH 150mm MiR 701 1.5um
(1611) DCH 150mm MiR 701 1.5um HMDS

Spin-off: 4600 rpm.

Substrate	Thickness	Uniformity (+/-)	Test date	Tester initials	Comments
Silicon with native oxide	1.513	0.6%	26/3 2015	taran	4" wafer, no HMDS. 9 points on one wafer, exclusion zone 5mm

(1420) DCH 100mm MiR 701 2um
(1421) DCH 100mm MiR 701 2um HMDS
(1620) DCH 150mm MiR 701 2um
(1621) DCH 150mm MiR 701 2um HMDS

Spin-off: 2600 rpm.

Substrate	Thickness	Uniformity (+/-)	Test date	Tester initials	Comments
Silicon with native oxide	2.019 µm	1.5%	26/3 2015	taran	4" wafer, no HMDS. 9 points on one wafer, exclusion zone 5mm

In order to achieve thicker coatings of AZ MiR 701 (29cps) while minimizing edge bead problems, a method of waiting before spin-off is used on Spin Coater: Gamma UV. The spin coating process consists of three steps: dispense, waiting, and spin-off. The first step is dynamic dispense of resist at 800 rpm, using a volume of 3 ml for 100 mm substrates. In the waiting step the resist is "dried" at low spin speed without exhaust (in practice the exhaust is opened briefly every 15s in order to avoid triggering the exhaust alarm). The final spin-off step is short, but at relatively high spin speed, with backside rinse the first half of the time. Soft baking is done at 90°C for 90s. Contact baking is used since the backside is clean. The coating may be affected by the backside rinse at the very edge of the wafer, something which should be considered if the resist is used as an etch mask.

Flow names, process parameters, and test results:

(1440) DCH 100mm MiR 701 4um
(1441) DCH 100mm MiR 701 4um HMDS
(1640) DCH 150mm MiR 701 4um
(1641) DCH 150mm MiR 701 4um HMDS

Waiting: 75s @ 600 rpm. Spin-off: 10s @ 3000 rpm.

Substrate	Thickness	Uniformity (+/-)	Test date	Tester initials	Comments
Silicon with native oxide	3.992 µm	0.7%	26/3 2015	taran	4" wafer, no HMDS. 9 points on one wafer, exclusion zone 5mm

AZ nLOF 2020 coating

Spin coating of standard thicknesses (1.5 - 3 µm) of AZ nLOF 2020 on Spin Coater: Gamma UV is divided into two or three steps: HMDS priming (optional), spin coating, and soft baking. The HMDS priming is equal to the HMDS fast process. Spin coating uses dynamic dispense of resist at 800 rpm, using a volume of 3 ml for 100 mm substrates. The dispense is followed by spin-off at a thickness dependent spin speed for 30 seconds. The wafer is decelerated at 1000 rpm/s before stopping. Soft baking is done at 110°C for 60s.

Flow names, process parameters, and test results:

(2410) DCH 100mm nLOF 2020 1.5um
(2411) DCH 100mm nLOF 2020 1.5um HMDS
(2610) DCH 150mm nLOF 2020 1.5um
(2611) DCH 150mm nLOF 2020 1.5um HMDS

Spin-off: 6000 rpm.

Substrate	Thickness	Uniformity (+/-)	Test date	Tester initials	Comments
Silicon with native oxide	1.559	0.4%	27/3 2015	taran	4" wafer, no HMDS. 9 points on one wafer, exclusion zone 5mm

(2420) DCH 100mm nLOF 2020 2um
(2421) DCH 100mm nLOF 2020 2um HMDS
(2620) DCH 150mm nLOF 2020 2um
(2621) DCH 150mm nLOF 2020 2um HMDS

Spin-off: 3300 rpm.

Substrate	Thickness	Uniformity (+/-)	Test date	Tester initials	Comments
Silicon with native oxide	2.041 µm	0.4%	27/3 2015	taran	4" wafer, no HMDS. 9 points on one wafer, exclusion zone 5mm

In order to achieve thicker coatings of AZ nLOF 2020 while minimizing edge bead problems, a method of waiting before spin-off is used on Spin Coater: Gamma UV. The spin coating process consists of three steps: dispense, waiting, and spin-off. The first step is dynamic dispense of resist at 800 rpm, using a volume of 3 ml for 100 mm substrates. In the waiting step the resist is "dried" at low spin speed without exhaust (in practice the exhaust is opened briefly every 15s in order to avoid triggering the exhaust alarm). The final spin-off step is short, but at relatively high spin speed, with backside rinse the first half of the time. Soft baking is done at 110°C for 120s. Contact baking is used since the backside has been cleaned. The coating may be affected by the backside rinse at the very edge of the wafer, something which should be considered if the resist is used as an etch mask.

Flow names, process parameters, and test results:

(2440) DCH 100mm nLOF 2020 4um
(2441) DCH 100mm nLOF 2020 4um HMDS
(2640) DCH 150mm nLOF 2020 4um
(2641) DCH 150mm nLOF 2020 4um HMDS

Waiting: 45s @ 600 rpm. Spin-off: 10s @ 3500 rpm.

Substrate	Thickness	Uniformity (+/-)	Test date	Tester initials	Comments
Silicon with native oxide	4.076 µm	0.7%	27/3 2015	taran	4" wafer, no HMDS. 9 points on one wafer, exclusion zone 5mm

AZ 5214E coating

Spin coating of standard thicknesses (1.5 - 3 µm) of AZ nLOF 2020 on Spin Coater: Gamma UV is divided into two or three steps: HMDS priming (optional), spin coating, and soft baking. The HMDS priming is equal to the HMDS fast process. Spin coating uses dynamic dispense of resist at 800 rpm, using a volume of 3 ml for 100 mm substrates. The dispense is followed by spin-off at a thickness dependent spin speed for 30 seconds. The wafer is decelerated at 1000 rpm/s before stopping. Soft baking is done at 90°C for 60s.

Flow names, process parameters, and test results:

(3410) DCH 100mm 5214E 1.5um
(3411) DCH 100mm 5214E 1.5um HMDS
(3610) DCH 150mm 5214E 1.5um
(3611) DCH 150mm 5214E 1.5um HMDS

Spin-off: 4500 rpm.

Substrate	Thickness	Uniformity (+/-)	Test date	Tester initials	Comments
Silicon with native oxide	1.???	0.4%	27/3 2015	taran	4" wafer, no HMDS. 9 points on one wafer, exclusion zone 5mm

(3420) DCH 100mm 5214E 2.2um
(3421) DCH 100mm 5214E 2.2um HMDS
(3620) DCH 150mm 5214E 2.2um
(3621) DCH 150mm 5214E 2.2um HMDS

Spin-off: 2100 rpm.

Substrate	Thickness	Uniformity (+/-)	Test date	Tester initials	Comments
Silicon with native oxide	1.507 µm	1.0%	20/3 2015	taran	SAT results. 6" wafer, with HMDS. 5 wafers measured: thickness is average of all 5; uniformity is worst case. 9 points on each wafer, exclusion zone 5mm.
Silicon with native oxide	1.500 µm	0.6%	20/3 2015	taran	SAT results. 4" wafer, with HMDS. 5 wafers measured: thickness is average of all 5; uniformity is worst case. 9 points on each wafer, exclusion zone 5mm.

In order to achieve thicker coatings of AZ 5214E while minimizing edge bead problems, a method of waiting before spin-off is used on Spin Coater: Gamma UV. The spin coating process consists of three steps: dispense, waiting, and spin-off. The first step is dynamic dispense of resist at 800 rpm, using a volume of 3 ml for 100 mm substrates. In the waiting step the resist is "dried" at low spin speed without exhaust (in practice the exhaust is opened briefly every 15s in order to avoid triggering the exhaust alarm). The final spin-off step is short, but at relatively high spin speed, with backside rinse the first half of the time. Soft baking is done at 90°C for ???s. Contact baking is used since the backside has been cleaned. The coating may be affected by the backside rinse at the very edge of the wafer, something which should be considered if the resist is used as an etch mask.

Flow names, process parameters, and test results:

(3440) DCH 100mm 5214E 4.2um
(3441) DCH 100mm 5214E 4.2um HMDS
(3640) DCH 150mm 5214E 4.2um
(3641) DCH 150mm 5214E 4.2um HMDS

Waiting: 60s @ 600 rpm. Spin-off: 10s @ 3500 rpm.

Substrate	Thickness	Uniformity (+/-)	Test date	Tester initials	Comments
Silicon with native oxide	4.194 µm	0.5%	20/3 2015	taran	6" wafer, no HMDS. 13 points on one wafer, exclusion zone 5mm
Silicon with native oxide	4.171 µm	0.7%	20/3 2015	taran	4" wafer, no HMDS. 9 points on one wafer, exclusion zone 5mm